Critically discuss the applicability of the Elaboration Likelihood Essay

Critically discuss the applicability of the Elaboration Likelihood Model to understanding consumer behaviour - Essay Example mentioned ways, it is extremely crucial for the marketers to have an understanding about how the customers process the information that they come across as ads. Numerous models and theories have been proposed that have elaborated upon the manner in which customers assimilate and process the information as well as on the way ads and other marketing communications impact on the consumer behaviour (Cohen, 1990). Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM), put forward by researchers Petty and Cacioppo (1983, 1986) is among the oldest and the most popular models that define how consumers formulate their attitudes towards a product or service on the basis of the communications that they receive as advertising. ELM has been employed by marketers and advertisers in making their communications more effective. ELM has also given the basic groundwork and direction to further research in areas like consumer cognitive processes and marketing communications elaboration. (Petty., Priester & Wegener, 1994).The current paper is aimed at evaluating the applicability of ELM to understanding consumer behaviour. The paper will begin with a brief overview of ELM and will contain a critical appraisal of its applicability in the consumer behaviour field. More specifically, it will focus on how ELM provides insights about consumer behaviour which in turn leads to more targeted and cost-effective advertising. The discuss ion will also include some of the weak points of ELM that need to be addressed in order to improve its applicability in the consumer behaviour field. The Elaboration Likelihood Model, when used in an advertising context, postulates that prospective customers form attitudes about ad messages via a process of message elaboration – or the amount of time and effort they spend on issue-relevant messaging. The extent to which they are likely to elaborate the message leads to two very different routes of information processing in the minds of the customers. These are the central

Giving reasons for conversions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Giving reasons for conversions - Essay Example t their pride and their love for their specific religions, but instead had to do everything behind closed doors and away from the eyes of the Muslims. If Christians and Jews converted to the religion of Islam, they would be able to be more open and obvious about their devotion to that religion. Those that are not Muslim must abide to the rules, or the pact, that was set down. If they were to violate the conditions that were agreed upon, their protection would be forfeited and they would receive the same treatments as enemies. Some of the rules, agreements, and conditions that were met involve what Muslims can do, but what Christians and Jews are not allowed to do. Christians and Jews are not allowed to have their crosses and books visible while walking on the roads or in the markets of the Muslim people. They are not allowed to publicly perform any act of their religion, such as the ceremony raising of their voices when following their dead or ring the rattles or bells that summons people to their religious services and ceremonies. It is against the pact for them to convert anybody to their religion, but if one of their own wishes to convert to the Muslim religion, they are not allowed to go against it. Non-Muslims are unable to build churches, convents, and monasteries in the areas of the Muslims, not are they allowed to repair any ruins that are in the areas of the Muslims. They must not bury their dead near the sites of Muslims. It also goes against the pact that Christians and Jews wear clothes similar to the Muslims, or speak in the same way that they do. Those of the Christian or Jewish religion may convert to the Muslim religion because it makes life a little bit easier, with less rules and laws to follow, and a lesser chance of going against the pact. The people in the opposing religions are given â€Å"privileges,† or the chance of safety if they give up their freedoms to an open religion. The Muslim religion offers more freedom in their own religion,

FAMILY LAW - [Debate] This house believes that English law should be Essay

FAMILY LAW - [Debate] This house believes that English law should be amended to permit same-sex couples to - Essay Example Therefore, this means that the state or county is liable for the successful implementation of the rights that are required by the common citizens so that the people can conduct these marriages and register their marriages through proper law. With the introduction of the act of defense of marriage, the people found it easy somehow and got a way clear on how to go about and encounter various problems and issues because this act was clear in its order that marriage by definition was the union of a man with a woman. So the people were aware that what type of struggle was coming their way for getting their points transferred successfully in the upper houses of the United Kingdom. Moreover, at the present time there is no dedicated agency that has recognition on government level for this same sex marriage that people have forced for legalization. Those people who agree to the point that the law of United Kingdom should be amended to permit the same sex marriage present various reasons in t heir favor. The very first point that they put forward is that if at any moment of time, any place in the country, if two people are having a relationship, then it is not the job of the government to know about and furthermore intervene into their relationship and label it illegal. These people should have their own rights equal as other citizens, and therefore there is need to have a definition of the nature and the extent of relationship that these couples can have legally. The same sex marriage advocates are of the view that their points and issues should be addressed and therefore the government should include the interests and recognition of the appropriate and committed people in their relationship and thus their rights to be respected by everyone. Therefore, if the laws of the UK are amended for stabilizing and legalizing the same sex marriage then simultaneously there would result in reduction in the need of the society to support these people and to treat them artificially. The people in the society mainly ensure that each of the spouses of the couple has got appropriate safety and thus an argument presented by the supporters of the same sex marriage there is practically no difference in the abilities possessed by the same sex and the opposite sex in fulfilling their commitments about anything they are suppose to do. An argument that arises due to the belief of the government to be involved in the marriage is that the issues that usually come forth due to the sexual acts between men and women and these people are of the view that the education of the children is well carried about if they live among their biological parents but at the same time there is much less chances of conflicts in same sex marriage as compared to opposite sex marriage. With all the points put forward by the advocates of the same sex marriage, the other point of view that goes against this type of marriage are also there. These people argue that the society of the United Kingdom that we live in encourages the legal marriages that is they prefer the monogamy type of marriage as they are of

Home and Family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Home and Family - Essay Example Most of these parents are more concerned with their own lives than their children. In â€Å"After Making Love We Hear Footsteps†, the loving nature of a parent can be observed. After two parents make love their little boy always ran to sleep in between them. Instead of throwing the child out of their bed, the parents welcome him with open arms: These parents show their child love by accepting them into their very private bed. This child is the center of the universe for his parents. Unlike other examples that will be later given, this child will grow up to be confident and well adjusted. As will be presented, this situation is a very unique and rare example. â€Å"Orthello† shows one typical view of the parent/child relationship. Brabantio treats his daughter, Desdemona, like his personal property. Desdemona means as much to Brabantio as his gold. The following passage shows this emotion: Brabantio only cared about what Desdemona could do for him by marrying rich, than treating her lovingly. Desdemona was definitely on Brabantio’s peripheral vision, until she messed up his plans by marrying Orthello. other. After the father is laid off, he takes joy in others’ misfortune. Whenever a fire truck can be heard, the father takes is family out to watch the fires. The child only knows that he receives attention by his otherwise occupied father. He tells: Despite the suffering of the family whose house burned, the father feels justified because at least he still has a house. The child is ripped out of bed to see his father’s sick obsession. The parent is passing down his own issues to the child. The father could have easily gone to the fires alone. It would have been faster than taking a wife and five children along. The father wanted an audience, just like the wife went to keep peace. That is what the wife wanted to accomplish; peace. She felt

Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken Essay Example for Free

Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken Essay Robert Frosts THE ROAD NOT TAKEN talks about the everyday choices that one makes while traveling down the road of life. In the first stanza the speaker introduces the poem by saying Two roads diverged in a yellow woodThis is interesting because it is suggests that there are two actual roads, as opposed to figurative roads. Then the speaker goes on to say And sorry I could not travel bothThis is one of the most powerful lines in the poem; because no matter whom the reader is they will relate to the feeling of regret, and sadness over a missed opportunity. When one reads something that they are able to connect with the piece of work then becomes that much more meaningful. And be one traveler, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth. These last three lines in the first stanza are almost comical, because they paint such a clear picture of human nature. You as a reader can actually see yourself standing at the cross roads of life; trying to foresee what obstacles and opportunities you will have, as a result of the decision you are being forced to make. But try though you may, you will never really know for certain what the outcome of your decisions will be. In the forth and fifth line of the third stanza the speaker says Yet knowing how way, leads on to way I doubted if I should ever come back. This line verbalizes a sense of nostalgia that the speaker has, as well as a sense of determination not to look back at the same time; this is quite interesting and could only be the result of meticulously chosen words. In the forth (final) stanza the speaker again relays a felling of nostalgia, when he says I shall be telling this with a sigh Somewhere ages and ages hence. The speaker closes the poem with a sense of pride and accomplishment by announcing Two roads Diverged in a wood, and I- I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference. By ending this poem the way that Robert Frost chose to, it is apparent that he is trying to send a message to his readers, through the lips of the speaker. This message is one that everyone should not only read, but  embrace. The message is to follow you instincts and listen to your conscience, and you will be led to a future that is filled with happiness and success. Far too many people are afraid to find their own way, and are much more content going along with the crowd. But in the end it is those that follow their hearts that end up where the want to be.

Revolutions of 1848 and 1989

Revolutions of 1848 and 1989 The Revolutions of 1848 and 1989 had causes that were similar and different from one another, because they both started from the want to get rid of the old governmental system and replace it with a new one in sovereign states. However, one had food shortages that contributed the other did not. The revolutions 1848 were largely democratic in nature, with the aim of removing the old feudal structures and creating independent national states[1]. 1989 revolutions were to put an end to communism and create separate states in the process. In 1848 food shortages with the lower classes influenced the uprisings but not in 1989. The origins of these two events were very similar but 1848 had more influences then 1989. The 1848 and 1989 revolutions both stemmed from economic problems, but the cause of the problems were different between the time periods.   The economic conditions hurt the working class badly in 1848. A series of reforms were rejected by the monarchies, therefore pushing the working class to revolt into a revolution to change the government to better the conditions of the people[2]. In 1989 the same issues were going on however, the difference was the government of the Soviet Union had proposed reforms of economic policies, but they werent helpful to a lot of people due to the governments lack of resources[3]. The revolutions of 1848 and 1989 both came from the same issues economically, but had different causes. These two revolutions were in different locations, because one was western Europe and the other was eastern Europe. The revolutions of 1848 going across Europe included Germany, Italy, and France. In 1989 revolutions spread across eastern Europe which included countries like Estonia, Romania, Yugoslavia, and Lithuania. The citizens in these countries wanted virtually the same thing despite occurring on different sides of the continent. The location of these two revolutions were different but they wanted the same thing. These two revolutions fought for the belief in the same political ideology of democracy, but the revolutions of 1989 strived for it more than the revolutions of 1848. 1848 was fueled by the ideas of liberalism and democracy as was 1989. The two had different priorities when it came to this ideology. These ideas were a direct result from the ideas of the Enlightenment, such as the rights and the security of the constitutional rights the people were entitled to. The working class sought to gain more power in the revolutions of 1848[4]. The people not just the working class wanted to gain independent power from the Soviet Union during the revolutions of 1989. These two revolutions believed in democracy, but the revolutions of 1989 put a lot more weight on that than the 1848 revolutions. The major problem that led up to the revolutions of 1848 and 1989 were the tensions forming between societal superior and inferior groups or classes of people, but one was between non-governmental groups and the other was between governmental and non-governmental. The working class had major issues dealing with survival in poverty. In 1848 people of a higher-class status had or were taking resources that led to them being in that situation. The people of the lower class were of course angry about this and wanted change. In 1989 the government was the one withholding resources from the people because of shortages. Unrest occurred as a result and the people demanded change. The 1848 and 1989 revolutions resulted from tensions between social status groups, but between non-governmental groups and governmental and non-governmental. The outcome of the 1848 and 1989 revolutions had nations going in different directions than before, because the directions they chose had full participation from the people that supported the revolutions. In 1848 the industrious response to the growth of the population was parallel to the new population size after its revolution.[5] More people from rural areas were found moving to the cities to find work in the new industries that were created. In 1989 there was a growth of people in political parties that people supported. Even though most of them failed to meet the needs of the people, the idea of different parties was supported by the people[6]. The results of these revolutions went in different ways, but were still supported by the people. Despite originating from the same issues the revolution of 1848 and 1989 had different results, because the people of each country in the two revolutions went into different directions soon after they ended. Through each of the revolutions of 1848 and 1989 all of the countries had one major component in common, the struggling of the working class. The working class went through hard times the most during these two time periods, facing poverty and death itself. Both revolutions had people that pushed for change for the betterment of their countries. Tensions rose between the classes as well as between people and their government. The results of the 1989 revolutions was different, because it was a more prosperous ending for the people economically and politically than the 1848 revolutions. The revolutions of 1848 and 1989 both started from the same issues but they however started to go in different directions and resulted to the revolutions having completely different outcome from each other. [1] Stearns, Peter N. 1848: The Revolutionary Tide in Europe. Vol. 1. New York : W.W. Norton , 1974. Print. [2] Stearns, Peter N. 1848: The Revolutionary Tide in Europe. Vol. 1. New York : W.W. Norton , 1974. Print. [3] Sony, Ronald Grigor. Empire Falls: The Revolutions of 1989. The Nation. N.p., 28 Oct. 2009. Web. 20 Dec. 2016. [4] Stearns, Peter N. 1848: The Revolutionary Tide in Europe. Vol. 1. New York : W.W. Norton , 1974. Print. [5] Stearns, Peter N. 1848: The Revolutionary Tide in Europe. Vol. 1. New York : W.W. Norton , 1974. Print. [6] Sony, Ronald Grigor. Empire Falls: The Revolutions of 1989. The Nation. N.p., 28 Oct. 2009. Web. 20 Dec. 2016

Trapped By Their Surroundings And Settings English Literature Essay

Trapped By Their Surroundings And Settings English Literature Essay We all live in a house on fire, no fire department to call; no way out, just the upstairs window to look out of while the fire burns the house down with us trapped, locked in it said by Tennessee Williams. This quote signifies the feeling and the thought process of being trapped as a suppressed community. All Im Asking for is my Body, and the Great Gatsby are two stories which discuss and show us people that are born into a trapped community and people force others or themselves into a trapped situation. These stories also show how people are trapped their surroundings and setting, such as Hawaii and New York. Also depending of the values and traditions of the family people are born into situations that trap them such as family debt. Finally people deserve the right to be free, and most can be free if they chose to stand up for themselves and fight for what they deserve. In All Im Asking for is my Body the characters are born into a trapped society with almost no escape. This younger group is born on to an island, and forced to pay a debt because of a long tradition. This forced debt is seen as normal by the parents and ancestors, but the younger generation is taking a stand. The characters in the story are broken into two groups. The first group is the older group who are acculturate, and trying to keep the old the traditions. The second group is the younger group who are trying to assimilate, and create a new culture and lose the old traditions. Both groups come together in one suppressed community. In The Great Gatsby the characters are born into wealth and status far beyond that of a normal individual, but still find themselves trapped by their own personal problems. The society traps other members of society through such issues as class roles and status. An example of status in Gatsby is George Wilson, the mechanic. He is looked down upon and seen as less than by almost the entire cast of characters, because of his job and his heritage. No matter how hard he works he will never be seen as equal, and will continued to be trapped by characters like Nick. Another example for social roles trapping members of society is that Myrtle and Daisy are both trapped in their sexist roles as women placed on them by society and reinforced on them by Tom Buchanan. Neither woman has the strength and integrity to fight for their freedom and create an independent life, nor does traditional society allow this type of thing to occur and discourages such thinking and behavior. With Hawaii being an island, it is built with no easy escape. The people who immigrated to Hawaii were put to harsh work in the plantation. They made some money, but not enough to pay off their accumulating debt, so for any immigrant to pay for a ride off island was almost out the question. People being born into this society were trapped from the beginning, with almost no way of escaping. Most characters just endure through the troubles, and become comfortable in an oppressed society instead of stand up for themselves. Even though, The Great Gatsby is set in New York, a city built with the idea of freedom, there are still characters in the story which are trapped. New York is place where anything can happen, and hard work is reward. Also people are free to leave the city if they desire. Even though New York is a place of freedom, people still get trapped by society. This shows that even if one is born in a place of freedom one can still become trapped if they become too comfortable, and stop fighting for their goals. In All Im Asking for is my Body, one of the main characters, Tosh, is forced to fulfill his Filial Duty. In the Hawaiian culture there is a philosophy called Filial Piety which is the respect for ones parents. Tosh refuses stand by traditions and clashes with his parents when they expect him to fulfill his Filial Duty to repay the familys debt. The eldest son Tosh viewed the filial responsibility as a tradition that would rob him of his youth, strength, and ambition. He continually fought with his mother and father about money, children, and his freedom from their debt. Whenever his parents argued with Tosh, his mother told him they would not depend on him therefore they will depend on Kiyoshi instead. Tosh told Kiyoshi, Shit, all I asking for is my body. I doan wanna die on the plantation like these other dumb dodos. (48) When tosh grows up he starts to go along with his parents ideal, but to resist being subservient he joins the army to get free, and help his family financial situa tion. This shows that if one fights hard enough for their freedom, they will find a way out. Although in the Great Gatsby, no one is forcefully trapped into a duty, some of the characters set themselves up to be trapped. Daisy is a trapped woman. Shes trapped in a marriage that she is unhappy in and trapped in a world where she has no chance to be free or independent. She is at the mercy of her husband, a man who takes her for granted. George Wilson  runs a garage and gas station in the valley of ashes and seems trapped by his position in life. Eventually, he finds out about his wifes double life and his response to it helps drive her to her death. Distraught at what happens, Wilson becomes Fitzgeralds way of expressing the despair prevalent in the seemingly trapped lower-middle class.   In All Im Asking the characters within the story show the theme of being trapped by being born into debt, trapped on an island, forced in communities based on background, and completely limited work opportunities. While in the Great Gatsby even though some are born into money, and in a place built on opportunity and freedom the feeling of being trapped still occurs. All I kept thinking about, over and over, was You cant live forever; you cant live forever. (Gatsby). This quote shows that life is short and if people are oppressed should fight for their freedom. If one is oppressed, one will continue to be oppressed until one finally decides to take a stand against the oppressors and change the current situation. If they dont take that stand they will continue to be oppressed because they are not only stuck in life, but theyre way of thinking, and thought process. When they decide to break out of their current mold, fight for their freedom like tosh, they will find a way out while othe rs that find themselves stuck like daisy will remain there until they decide to stand up for themselves.