The election of Abraham Lincoln – a threat to South Carolina

Abraham Lincoln returned to politics with his inflamed speech outlining his arguments against slavery, opposed to the Kansas-Nebraska Act that was passed by Congress in 1854. The legislation opened lands to the possibility of the spread of slavery. In 1860 Lincoln was chosen by the Republican Party as their candidate. He won the presidential election defeating the Northern Democrat Douglas, the southern democrat representative and the union candidate. His election was unacceptable to southern politicians, who viewed his political stands as a threat to South Carolina and other southern states. Factors that led the South to secedeLincoln’s election as the 16th president of the US formed a pretext to the southerners and few other states seceding from the union. The slave system was viewed by the southerner’s as a more pro-southern system that gave them a stronghold across the nation’s territories. Following Lincoln’s election as president, Southern Carolina a nd six other cotton–growing states in the south seceded from the union, they declared themselves as ‘the confederate states of America. ‘. Attempts by Lincoln to hold the union together by force failed. Tensions between North and South increased which led to the American Civil War that broke out in April 1861.The role of 1860 Election The 1860 election was critical to the political scenario that marked a substantial change in the existing political context. Abraham Lincoln went on to become the first republican who was elected purely by the strength of northern support. His election to power led to the seceding of South Carolina and other southern states fuelling tensions in the political stage. The Emancipation Proclamation that was announced by Lincoln in September 1862 and was put to effect in 1863, freed slaves in the territories that was not already in the control of the union.As quoted by a researcher in a web article â€Å"The Southern army was forced to r etreat, and for the first time the North got the upper hand† (David Maiden), the advancement of the union armies in the southern territory led to the freeing of all slave in the confederation,. The thirteenth amendment passed by Lincoln, led to the permanent abolition of slavery across the nation. Abraham Lincoln is undoubtedly one of the greatest presidents of the US, an eloquent speaker and a great leader. Saving the Union and freeing slaves are viewed as two great achievements of Lincoln.

A Case study into Counselling and Mentoring

Guidance is the procedure utilizing to assisting people to work out their jobs and acknowledge their feelings. It ‘s a face to confront confidential session between counselor and the client. Counselling helps promoting a alteration in public presentation. it is about assisting and back uping a individual to happen an apprehension and replies when he ‘s working for an organisation. Counselling is a friendly, helpful and positive progress to personal development. There is two attacks Direct Counselling-Counsellor Give all the waies and replies to work out their jobs Eg: Health visitants are qualified nurses with specialist preparation who work in the community. They help people with a mental unwellness to go on to populate in their place. Health visitants can: aid you stay healthy by speaking to you about diet and exercising be person to speak to offer practical advice about nutrient, hygiene and daily life 2. Indirect Counselling- Counselee is capable to place his or her jobs and Promote the other party to discourse their jobs. Eg: Couple councelling -address their jobs originating adault relationship between them and promote them to disscuss and decide.COUNCELINGMENTORINGOffering advice and assisting staff development Provides an of import foundation of way in concern activities Procedure of assisting people to acknowledge their feeling about jobs Helping people to get the better of their jobs and develop their public presentation Assist people to place what cause of their long clip jobs More significance based Main end or thought is helps people to understand themselves clear and better Reding supports the person with their impacting fright and demands in a safe and swearing relationship. Wider focal point and better power assisting to calculate an person ‘s thought and values in a positive manner Looking on calling and personal development This is an relationship between two individuals Challenges, support apprehension and professional development. Mentor is more qualified, knowing and more experient than mentee Help new employees get used to to the working environment. Mentoring helps to alter the civilization in an organisation Mentee can better his/her cognitionMentoringOne Person is assisting other individual to develop his calling in occupation more efficaciously and advancement. The individual who called wise man is more experient and knowing than mentee. Eg: In any organisation Seniors giving preparation for juniors until they manage themselves. A drive teacher teaching to new scholar to go a good driver. Measuring Counselling and Mentoring. When we measuring mentoring one individual assisting another individual to develop his accomplishments and ideas in that procedure the individual who holding helps he will be manage to sort-out the jobs on his ain thoughts and implement it and besides he will be able to develop his accomplishments without taking any aid from anybody and perform in the existent environment B. ( B ) Identify personal and professional accomplishments required to run into your administrations And your ain ends and research methods to better them.SkillYOUR GoalsORGANIZATION SKILLSPersonalListening accomplishments Pull offing people skill Communication accomplishments Technical accomplishments Motivation Cognition Learning accomplishments Time managing Stress direction accomplishments Technology Correct staff Time managing Peoples Correct merchandises Relationship at workYOUR GoalsORGANIZATION SKILLSProfessionalIT Knowledge Leader ship Coaching Multitasking Use Microsoft PowerPoint to give clear professional cognition to co-workers New engineeringPersonal SkillsPersonal accomplishments are the accomplishments holding to decide the jobs in life every bit good cover with the challenges successfully in a positive mode. The chief identified personal accomplishments are as follows Time Management Many troughs find themselves increasing their twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours work like a mountain, normally spend much clip to complete but they unable to complete on clip because they non pull off to command the clip which they passing within their on the job hours. That ‘s why clip direction is really of import as a personal accomplishment. The cardinal point on clip direction is effectual and efficient usage of one ‘s clip to enable necessary undertakings to be completed within their timeframes in a structured and prioritised mode Stress direction accomplishments Human ‘s reaction emphasis is seen more they on work than the other state of affairs. In modern state of affairs anyone feeling threatened or under force per unit area will demo the same symptoms. Those are increased blood force per unit area, increased bosom round and watchfulness To cut down the emphasis best method is clip pull offing, making exercisings, learn express myself, self-rewarding and relaxing. Problem resolution accomplishment Any administration or any male monarch of occupation of all time be free from jobs if we able to make that it ‘s an good illustration for personal skill.the stairss for job resolution Reduce the job in to manageable pieces and cover one at a clip. Without blowing clip for scaling the job attempt to decide it Without look intoing back and past believe what to make in front Talk to trusted college for certain programs and place their reaction Learning accomplishments Learning is something we do for ourselves.everytime we can larn and it helps to better our cognition twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours every bit good as it ‘s an good accomplishment to better personal and organisational ends.Professional accomplishmentsProfessional accomplishments are of import for every person, whether employed or non. It is critical for every concern and professional organisation to increase the cognition and accomplishments of their employees. They should seek to increase the quality of public presentation, to guarantee an betterment on the personal and professional accomplishments. 1.IT Knowledge IT cognition is an professional accomplishment to better organisation end every bit good as personal end. Besides its an benefit to do all the work needs to be done easier and faster. E.g. : when making a presentation easy and professional to utilize Microsoft power point and do the slides and present it. 2. Multitasking accomplishment Multitasking average ability to make more than one work at same clip. It ‘s an good accomplishment to rush up work and salvage the clip and cut down the emphasis in work. It helps to increase organisation productiveness. 3. Leadership Leadership accomplishment is a good illustration for professional accomplishment. It helps to take everybody and demo them right manner and the methods and it helps to better organisation ends.( C ) .What is Time ManagementTime managing is art of set uping, forming programming and budgeting one ‘s clip for the intent of bring forthing more effectual work and productiveness. Time direction is more of import for everybody. Many troughs find themselves increasing their twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours work like a mountain, normally spend much clip to complete but they unable to complete on clip because they non pull off to command the clip which they passing within their on the job hours. That ‘s why clip direction is really of import as a personal accomplishment. The cardinal point on clip direction is effectual and efficient usage of one ‘s clip to enable necessary undertakings to be completed within their timeframes in a structured and prioritised mode. Benefits: More Productiveness Less emphasis Achieve ends on clip Time direction helps to increase the productiveness in a organisation. It save staff turnover and increase the end product. Time direction helps to cut down stress degree for eg.if director holding more work to complete within a clip frame and if he mange the clip decently he can cut down his emphasis level.it helps to bask the work and increase the organisation productiveness every bit good. Time direction helps to accomplish ends on clip, any director can pull off his clip for finish his work force within the clip frame he will accomplish his personal ends on clip.Eg acquiring honoring for his work like salary increases and publicities. ( D ) .Value of Professional Development Professional development is one of the foundations of our working lives. It ‘s a procedure which keeps us interested in our work, gives us the thrust to come on our callings, supports industry competitory and in the terminal makes us employable throughout our lives. Value of CPD Individual Develop practical tactics to unlock and transcend the single potency Widen personal webs and chances Be able to find preferable method of larning and development in front maximal benefit in the hereafter by doing smarter professional development picks. Opportunity to step up and alter the function in the organisation. Continuingly update the cognition and accomplishments Organization Widening Skills More chances for the organisation to widen their concern Expand the concern and increase the productiveness Give staff the capableness to spread out or alter their function Give staff the accomplishments to work with new engineering Organizations are up to day of the month and competitory Minimise the hazard of professional mistakes Make the work force and concern procedures more efficient Eg: In Tesco Pharmacy- because of the combination of their modern dispensaries and extremely trained support staff, will hold more clip to pass with clients giving one-to-one advice on medical specialties and life style. They be an indispensable portion of the shop squad and when anybody articulation with Tesco as a Pharmacy Manager, so he will besides work closely with the direction squad and will take charge of developing others, training and developing staff and be given ample chance to work on their ain Continuing Professional Development ( CPD ) . Tesco is a big retail merchant but they guarantee their druggists are given the environment to be professional. It ‘s these high criterions their clients have come to anticipate and Tesco holding confident that whatever thier aspirations and demands, and have the chances and support to assist them do the most of directors calling. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.tescopharmacy-jobs.com/career-development/index.htm )Undertaking 2Carry out a personal accomplishments audit which identifies preferred learning manners and that Focuss on the accomplishments required for effectual direction and leading. Your Answer must explicate phases of personal accomplishments audit every bit good as preferred acquisition Manners. Explain and measure the methods to supervise the effectivity of your ain acquisition Manner?What is Skills audit?A skill audit provides a appropriate manner of meeting information about the available abilities of people for a specified undertakingA personal accomplishments auditPersonal accomplishment audit is back uping to place strengths, failing, chances and dainties which will turn to to place certain spreads and the manner fulfil those spreads by taking necessary actions. Learning styles-Learning manners are the different methods or ways of acquisition. There are three types of acquisition manners Ocular Learners Auditory Learners Kinesthetic Learners Ocular Learners These types of scholars learn through seeing. They needs to watch organic structure linguistic communication and the facial visual aspect to understand. Auditory Learners These types of scholars learn through hearing. Kinesthetic Learners These types of scholars learn through moving, making touching. Dr Peter Honey and Alan Mumford ( 1986 ) developed a acquisition manners questionnaire, based on Kolb to mensurate how people learn, to place their learning strengths, to promote persons to develop their learning possible and study on how they can better their acquisition manner. They clarified the four chief larning manners as: There are four different acquisition manners Militant Reflectors Theorist Pragmatist Militant DOING Reflector REVIEWING Pragmatist PLANING Theorist CONCLUDING Militants Learn from New experiences and challenges which to larn Competitive teamwork and job resolution Reflectors Learn from Encourage to watch or believe Think before moving and adjust before get downing Have clip to reexamine their acquisition Help to interchange positions with other people Without danger Can make a determination without force per unit area and tight deadlines Theorist Learn from theory, theoretical account or construct Think jobs in a logical measure by measure Pragmatists Learn from existent life jobs Shown techniques for making things with apprehensible practical advantages Harmonizing to Honey Mumford Learning styles strong effectual acquisition manners are theorist and pragmatist. By rehearsing activities develops their abilities in this acquisition manner, Pragmatist develops the accomplishments by rehearsing like militant. Theorist is identified as low. So by rehearsing the activities theorist can increase their learning ability, Reflector is identified as really low. So reflectors should set more activities to better their acquisition.How can supervise Effectiveness of my ain acquisition mannerHarmonizing to honey and Mumford method I am an Militant scholar I would wish to larn from new experiences and the challenges which I can confront besides when I am working as a squad ( team work ) I am larning new things personally. Methods to supervise the public presentation of Activist manner I can supervise my MBA public presentation on Activist manner by Learning from new experience analyzing different faculties and confronting challenges in group plants. Self appraisals Personal accomplishments audit is an of import measure when you are be aftering a calling alteration. Scale 1-something you are really weak Scale5-something you are really good Skill/ability 1 2 3 4 5 Bing originativeEYLeading a squadEYUsing theoryEYSolving jobsEYactuatingEYUsing above chart I can mensurate my strength and failings in my accomplishments besides can utilize a personal SWOT analysis for step it. Personal SWOT analysisStrengthsgood at working in a squad work outing jobs good at communicating with people good authorship accomplishments Ability to taking hazardFailingsNot much presentation experience do n't wish making presentations Not finish twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours surveiesOpportunitiesComplete MBA within 1 twelvemonth Working experience in nutrient retail industryMenacesaltering regulations in college hard to happen Job in suited field -Strengths and failings are normally things internal to me-personal accomplishments -Opportunities and menaces are normally external factors might impact to personal lifeUndertaking 3PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PlanWhat is personal development program? It ‘s a personal program or specific measuring to recognize the demand to better in peculiar countries in our personal life Where I am now? At present following station alumnus sheepskin in concern surveies at Edexcel through London school of direction and scientific discipline which is taking to Master of Business disposal programme in Glyndwr University. At present I am working as a Duty director at Co-operative group.Co-op is a 1 of the largest retail company in UK every bit good as biggest husbandmans. Education background I have completed Diploma information engineering at NIBM Sri Lanka. I have completed Advance professional sheepskin in concern surveies ( Level 5 ) at south bank college I have completed sheepskin in computing machine surveies at south bank college Future Plans I hope to making specialise in HR direction after my Master in business Be a shop director in Co-op every bit shortly as finish my Master in business By 2014 be a HR director any bank in UK. Current aims and ends My current aim is to finish my MBA programme which is traveling to be finish by grand 2011. Meanwhile go on my current occupation as a responsibility director value to my bearer. Personal accomplishments Working as a leader with any figure of squad and achieve ends. Having much cognition about IT which is supported to my bearer. Solving the jobs in good mode I am a multitasking individual who can make so many occupations at a clip. And besides I am holding good clip direction accomplishment in my life it helps to cut down my emphasis degree when I am working and increase the productiveness personally and to my organisation every bit good. I would wish to listen people and take their thoughts and better my cognition.My personal SMART analysis programThis will assist me to make my ends on clip. Specific – all my ends are good defined. To finish my MBA I do my surveies on a regular basis. To my bearer development for managerial degree, I improve my leading accomplishments by making specific preparation and on my work topographic point every bit good. Measurable- I spend about 5 hours per hebdomad for my surveies and working 20 hours per hebdomad Every hebdomad I am look intoing what I have did for my occupation and keep a dairy how much I spend per hebdomad for my disbursals. Attainable – I spent excessively much clip to watch films per hebdomad but I cut down for 2 hours per hebdomad Relevant – I am loosen uping more clip after finish my work Academic – I am seek to complete my Surveies within the timeframe which was given by the college and accomplish my ends Time bound – Needs to be control clip direction and certain clip period for each end.Scheme for personal developing a programPESTLE analysis concentrating on institutional function gives me better understand about my direction work. My personal grind analysis Strength Personal accomplishments Teamwork Multitasking It knowledge Leadership Problem work outing Failings Communication accomplishments Listening Time direction Opportunities Training Learn professional accomplishments Menaces Government regulations and ordinances When I need to plan a personal development program foremost I need to put nonsubjective for following inquiries 1.What do I need to larn? 2.What should I make to accomplish this? 3.What resources or support will I necessitate? 4.What will my success standards be? 5.What will be my mark day of the months for completion What do I need to larn? I need to finish my MBA and need to larn how to make presentations properly What should I make to accomplish this? Giving my full strength for surveies and complete the class works on clip and complete my MBA on clip. What resources or support will I necessitate? Training for composing accomplishments, better communicating accomplishments every bit good as more books for read as resources. What will my success standards be? Time direction and squad work What will be my mark day of the months for completion? I hope to complete my surveies ( MBA ) by 2012 and be a shop director every bit shortly as possible In the terminal by 2015 be a HR director.MY PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PlanWhat I am I Trying to accomplish What internal Failing is Standing in the manner What external Menace is worrying me Who/where Can I travel to assist When am I Ask for aid How will I review advancement Get promoted from current Job Need to finish my surveies Government regulations Speak to my Ops trough Anybody who willing to assist Discuss my advancement with my director every month Construct up my instruction makings Equally much as I can Fiscal jobs competition University Or college My married woman Discuss my advancement with my talks every month Be a HR director Experience Credit crunch In UK Anybody who can rede me My former director My ego

Article to be read BUDGET REORGANIZATION IN THE URBANOPOLIS HUMAN

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Digital Marketing Campaign for fictional event (Wind Racers Horses) Term Paper

Digital Marketing Campaign for fictional event (Wind Racers Horses) - Term Paper Example The main product that the company deal in is hygain balanced. This product can perform all the mentioned function and take care of the situations. The marketing for the product is majorly done through the website. The plan of the communication would involve considering different aspects. Cost is much essential in the planning. The company will consider the general cost of the campaign whether it will be expensive. The campaign should be cost efficient (Ryan and Calvin, 63). The much to be involved in reaching a given number is considered. There should be no much wastage. Influence is also considered in the planning. A website that is used should be that that can reach a large number of people who need the horse product. Personalization of the message in the website is also much considered. The credibility of the communication on the horse product is seen as such that the information is widely accepted to be accurate. Planning of the website advertisement should consider the control. The site information should be able to reach the targeted horse owners or those that deal with the animal product (Ryan and Calvin, 102). The plan ning on the website advertisement is done in stages. The objectives of the communication are identified and set. The appropriate budget is made such that the cost of the transmission is defined. The company should then decide on what they want the audience to know about the product and its impact on their horses. The targeted audience are then decided, and they should be those that deals with horses. Hygain Feeding Company produces hygain feed for horses. The pellets are fed are highly rich in vitamin E and selenium that are required by the horses for cell health, minerals, proteins and amino acids that are needed for muscle strengthening and muscle development. The product contains biotin for hoof and also coat health. The product has been improved such that the contents of the pellets also act as blood builders. The promotion of

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The Boston Beer Company Essay Example for Free

The Boston Beer Company Essay The Boston Beer Company has had amazing success in its transition from a small scale microbrewer to a large scale national brewery. Almost all of the company’s success is due to the Samuel Adams Lager product line, which has hardly changed from the founding of the company in 1984, to the IPO in 1995, to the present day. In fact, much of the appeal of Samuel Adams comes from its microbrew image and the founder, Jim Koch’s, commitment to the brewing process and a premium beer. In recent years, however, the company has implemented a new strategy for growth which has included introducing a light beer that will have more mainstream appeal. While this has increased profits for the company, it has also left the company vulnerable to entry by diluting its brand name. For this reason, the company’s strategy for the immediate future has to make a significant shift, from a strategy of growth to a strategy of protection. It must focus on maintaining its current profits by preventing entry both from small breweries looking to copy the BBC’s strategy and from large breweries looking to use their expansive resources to steal some of BBC’s market share. History of Boston Beer The Boston Beer Company began as a microbrewery in Boston, Massachusetts in 1984. Its first cases of beer were only sold to Boston bars, but the company quickly branched out geographically. Fueled by awards and recognition from prestigious beer festivals, Samuel Adams Boston Lager was available on much of the East Coast by the late 1980’s and nationally by 1992. The company went public on the New York Stock Exchange in 1995. The Boston Beer Company’s strategy for growth was one of differentiation. The company created a higher quality beer than the majority of American beers by using more expensive ingredients and less water, and it used its packaging and its commercials to advertise this commitment to uality. In fact, because of its use of only barley, hops, yeast, and water as its ingredients, Samuel Adams won the honor of being the first American beer to be sold in Germany, a distinction that helped its image in America even more. One business strategy that the company employed as it started to grow was using extra brewing space in other company’s breweries to brew their beer. Since the company was growing at a double digit rate, it didn’t have a lot of extra capital to build its own breweries, so this was a good strategy for them during their period of growth. And, since these breweries were distributed throughout the country, this strategy allowed the Boston Beer Company to maximize the freshness of the beer it sold. In fact, the now famous practice of printing a freshness label on bottled beer was started by the Boston Beer Company on its Samuel Adams Boston Lager. The company ensured quality production in these disperse breweries by hiring experienced brewmasters to oversee the contract brewing. The company also brewed some beer on its own property, both in Boston and later in a plant they purchased in Cincinnati, Ohio. In 2002, the company took a risk by introducing Sam Adams Light, a light beer version of their Samuel Adams Lager. They had never produced a light beer before, and it was Koch’s stance that the company couldn’t brew a light beer that would be up to their standards of flavor. The expanded customer base that the company would target with the sale of a light beer was too lucrative a market to ignore, however, and the light beer market was almost devoid of any Better Beers, so after three years of development Sam Adams Light was born. The advertising expenditures for 2002 increased by 25. 7% or $20. 6 million over 2001 due to the promotion of Sam Adams Light2, which magnified the financial risk of producing and selling it. The new beer had the short term effect of attracting new consumers to the Samuel Adams brand, although the long term effect has yet to be seen. The growth of the Boston Beer Company was very impressive, and can be attributed to a superior product, good business strategy, and an unsaturated market for high-quality beer. But now there are new challenges facing the company. There are always new fads in the beer industry; current trends are low-carb beers and fruityflavored malt beverages. The Boston Beer Company needs to decide which of these trends to respond to, and how to respond to each. Above all the company needs to continue its strategy of differentiation that allowed it to achieve its current profitability. It is its image for quality above major American beers like Budweiser, Coors, and Miller that allows it to keep its prices, and its profits, high. Current Industry Analysis The Boston Beer Company’s product is a â€Å"better† beer. A better beer is defined as either a craft beer or an import, and is characterized by higher prices and quality. A craft beer is defined as one which is brewed with 100% malted barley as its grain. The major American beer companies typically use a mixture of malted barley along with other grains such as rice or corn, since these are less expensive and have less full-bodied flavors. Rivals in the better beer industry include such foreign companies as Corona, Heineken, and Guinness, as well as domestic companies such as Sierra Nevada, Pete’s, and a number of microbreweries around the country. While the beer industry overall is very rivalrous, the better beer industry is not so, as evidenced by high profit margins (the Boston Beer Company routinely posts profit margins of over 50%). The rivalry that does exist tends to revolve around quality competition rather than price competition. There are numerous substitutes for better beer. All alcoholic beverages are substitutes for the Boston Beer Company’s product, although the two closest substitutes are major American beers and flavored malt beverages; wine and spirits are less relevant substitutes for the purposes of this analysis. Budweiser, Coors, and Miller are all large brand name beers which have low prices and low quality compared to better beers. Price sensitive consumers typically buy these beers. Smirnoff Ice, Skyy Blue, and Bacardi Silver are all similarly priced to the better beers, but they have fruitier flavors and therefore appeal to consumers with a different taste preference. The suppliers for the Boston Beer Company are similar to the suppliers for any brewery. Supplies that must be purchased include the ingredients like water, barley and hops, the equipment for brewing, and the transportation for distributing beer around the country. The ingredients are actually very inexpensive compared to the other two costs, and suppliers of barley and water don’t have a lot of bargaining power since these industries are fragmented. The hops industry, however, is more centralized. In order to ensure adequate hops supplies at prices known in advance the company regularly purchases hops futures. The company also employs an aggressive contract brewing strategy. Under this policy almost 60% of the company’s products are brewed at noncompany owned breweries. By utilizing the excess capacity of geographically distributed reweries, the company can keep equipment and transportation costs low while providing a fresher and thus higher quality product. This brewing approach carries inherent risks by giving potential rivals some control over the company’s production capacity. Indeed the company is currently involved in a lawsuit with Miller after Miller’s attempt to back out of a brewing contract early. To protect itself from these risks the company enters into contracts with a diverse set of brewers for a much larger amount of beer than they actually produce. This redundant capacity is meant to shield the company from any number of contract brewers defaulting on their contracts. Buyer bargaining power doesn’t have significant influence on the Boston Beer Company since their buyers are grocery stores and bars. The grocery industry and the bar industry are both fragmented, so each store or bar that buys from the Boston Beer Company comprises a very small amount of total company sales, and the loss of any one buyer won’t significantly hurt the company. Complements in the better beer industry include the popularity of bars, snack foods like pretzels and nachos, and sporting events like football games. While the Boston Beer Company doesn’t provide any of these complements, they do provide some amount of customer education. Customer education includes advertising awards the company has won, advertising their brewing processes, and calling attention to their premium ingredients. This serves to convince people of the superior quality of Samuel Adams, thereby convincing them to pay a premium price. Customer education is a fairly clever and successful strategy for a number of beer companies, but it benefits better beers more than lower quality beers, so the Boston Beer Company could probably take advantage of this by focusing more on customer education. The BBC also has an advantage over small high-quality breweries because its economy of scale allows more customers to be reached per dollar spent on customer education. Any company in the beverage industry has the potential to enter Samuel Adams’ market, and it is always crucial for a company to be aware of possible entry from all sides. Companies that make wine, spirits, or malt beverages could all enter the market, and we have actually seen in recent years that spirits companies have been expanding into new markets by producing malt beverages under the name of the parent spirits company. However, the most dangerous potential entrants would be other beer companies. Other craft breweries that sell their beer on a small scale might attempt to copy the BBC’s strategy to grow into a national brand and steal some of BBC’s market share. Also, major American breweries could use their expansive resources to brew high quality beers that could compete with Samuel Adams on a national level. A third, and even more threatening possibility, would be the combination of these two forces; a major brewery could buy a high quality microbrewery and use their national advertising and distribution infrastructure to market the microbrew to the public on a large scale. Given the Boston Beer Company’s high profit margins and the relatively low level of rivalry within their market, it is very likely that entry will occur and erode away at BBC’s profits if BBC is unprepared. We believe that responding to this possibility should be at the forefront of the company’s business strategy for the immediate future. The Boston Beer Company’s Strategy: Using Reputation as an Entry Barrier The BBC’s initial strategy was one of growth. This was fitting for it when it was a microbrewery looking to gain national and international sales. During its expansion in the early 1990’s, the company took advantage of the fact that consumer demand for craft beers was increasing, while there were few other companies doing the same. Since the new market was unsaturated, the Boston Beer Company was able to earn an inexpensive reputation for its Samuel Adams brand name by being the first large scale mover into the national craft beer market. By the late 1990’s, the BBC’s growth rate had begun to decline. In an effort to keep up growth, the company switched to a strategy of trying to increase the demand for craft beer. It did this through large scale advertising, and most significantly through the introduction of a light beer that brought light beer drinkers over to the better beer market. The Boston Beer Company’s strategy was an effective one for many years, and enabled it to become the profitable national company that it is today. However, if the BBC wants to maintain its profitability, it will need to find a way to protect its market share from entrants, and this will require a shift in the company’s strategy back to increasing its share of the Better Beer market rather than of the mainstream market. The biggest threats to the BBC are the major American beer companies, which have massive resources that would allow them to compete with the BBC. The BBC’s two advantages over these major companies are experience and reputation, and the major companies could easily gain experience by buying an existing craft beer company and utilizing its brewing procedures. Therefore, the BBC must protect its reputation at all costs, since its reputation is the only formidable entry barrier preventing Budweiser, Coors, and Miller from successfully invading Samuel Adams’ market. The company’s best strategy would be to slow their growth in order to work on strengthening their Samuel Adams Boston Lager brand name. Additionally, if the BBC diminishes its focus on growth, it could very well have the effect of reducing the incentive for these three major companies to enter the craft beer market, since the BBC will not be seen as so significant a threat. While there is a risk that slowing growth will leave the company vulnerable to entry by smaller companies, it is the large companies that have the most resources to compete with the BBC, so reducing the incentive for large companies to enter is worth the possible risk that more small companies will enter. The uniqueness and integrity that allowed the Samuel Adams brand to gain popularity are starting to be overshadowed by the company’s attempts to gather more mainstream consumers, and this is hurting the company’s brand name. The strategy for the future needs to focus on building back customer loyalty for the company’s core product line, i. e. Samuel Adams Boston Lager. First and foremost, the Boston Beer Company needs to continue reducing its expenditures on Sam Adams Light. During the introduction of Sam Adams Light in 2001-02, revenues and gross profit increased, but expenditures on advertising Sam Light were extremely high, and much of the sales of Sam Light were thought to be due to cannibalism of Samuel Adams Boston Lager. In 2003 when advertising of Sam Adams Light was decreased, sales of the light beer dropped significantly. Although Samuel Adams Boston Lager sales increased during the period between the fourth quarters of 2002 and 2003, overall shipments dropped 6% during this period3 because of the lowered demand for Sam Light after the decline of the Sam Light marketing campaign. However, even though sales were lower, net income was higher after the end of the marketing campaign4. The company should therefore continue to keep its advertising levels for Sam Adams Light low. In addition to the high financial cost of advertising Sam Adams Light, it is likely that the large-scale marketing of Sam Adams Light could hurt the company in the long run by diluting the Samuel Adams brand name. The purpose of Sam Light is to appeal to mainstream beer drinkers, but the company’s consumer base is comprised of individuals who pride themselves on drinking a beer that is not mainstream. With potential entrants looming from above and below, the Boston Beer Company can not afford to lose its reputation for uniqueness. Still, Sam Light is a good revenue stream as a supplement to Samuel Adams Boston Lager, but it should cease to be the company’s main focus. The â€Å"Twisted Tea† and â€Å"Hard Core† products are malt beverages that the company produces on a small scale. These brands are unnecessary for the company’s success, and if the company adopts a strategy to focus on Samuel Adams Boston Lager then it would be advantageous to eliminate these products. While the products dilute the company’s brand name in a similar way to Sam Adams Light, they don’t provide nearly the revenue that Sam Light does. By either selling or closing down these brand names, the Boston Beer Company can distance itself further from the malt beverage industry and improve its positioning as a Better Beer company. Dumping these products would help the BBC’s image of integrity in the eyes of their consumers, and this image will be crucial if the company is to protect its market share from entrants. There have been a number of attempted entries into the Sam Adams market which demonstrate the need for quality and reputation. Coors owns Killian’s Irish Red and Anheuser-Busch owns Michelob and has a stake in Red Hook, all brands that have had poor success in the Better Beer Market. Most consumers are well aware of the fact that Michelob is just another domestic beer sold at a high price, and so it’s a brand without much of a quality image. On the other hand, it’s not well known that Coors owns Killian’s since it’s brewed in Canada and has an import label. While this abel might signal some quality in many consumers’ eyes, Killian’s has no reputation and no customer base. Finally, Red Hook was a quality microbrew ale with a good reputation and customer base that was bought by AB. Since this purchase in 1994 the stock price of Red Hook has plummeted from ~30 to 2 and sales have been poor. While the reason for this is not exactly clear, it’s possible that this failure is due to a loss of integrity that occurred when the microbrew became owned by a major domestic brewer, or that AB simply wasn’t able to operate that type of brewery. AB’s failure in this attempt doesn’t indicate that they will give up on entering the craft beer industry, however, especially if craft beers grow to be more of the national market. With such high profit margins and a strong market position, the BBC might be tempted to increase sales by decreasing prices, but this strategy should definitely be avoided. The high prices for Samuel Adams Boston Lager and Sam Adams Light signal to consumers and other companies that these beers are of higher quality, and since demand in the Better Beer market is relatively inelastic, there would likely be no increase in net income if prices were reduced. Reducing prices would cause the BBC to appear more of a threat to the three major American beer companies, and could therefore expedite the entry of one of these companies into the market. Due to the nature of the Better Beer industry, the company needs to strive for quality competition over price competition. With the introduction of Sam Light in 2002 the percentage of BBC’s sales comprised of bottles vs. kegs increased since most Sam Light is sold in bottles, and since Boston Lager sales declined slightly. While revenues are lower per barrel of draft beer, profit margins are higher due to lower costs per barrel. Additionally, beer served on tap is usually able to retain a higher quality than beer served from a bottle. For these reasons and others, it would be a good strategy for the Boston Beer Company to increase its emphasis on selling its beer in kegs to bars. While most grocery stores already carry Samuel Adams Boston Lager, there are still a large number of bars that don’t have Boston Lager on draft, and this deprives many consumers of being able to drink the beer in its highest quality form while also depriving the company of the added revenue that bar sales bring in. Since the company’s new focus needs to be on emphasizing the quality of its beers, increasing the availability of its draft beer is in line with its strategy. An added benefit of increasing prevalence in bars is the opportunity for bartender education and consequent consumer education. The company should seriously consider providing literature about their beer along with the kegs that they sell to bars, since educating bar owners and bartenders about the premium ingredients and freshness standards that the company holds will have a trickle-down effect to the beer drinkers.

Observation Report of Child Example

Observation Report of Child Example Ethical considerations checklist Has the whole team been informed about the portfolio requirements? Have you made clear that all members concerned in the observation will have access to the material? Have the nature of the observations (including aims, tools to be used) been  explained to the children/ young people (where applicable)? Have you considered the importance of respecting the child/ young persons privacy, dignity and possible emotional reactions? Have parents been informed- and has the study process been fully explained to  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   them? Have you confirmed that all details will remain confidential by ensuring all documents are anonymous? Date: 10 January 2017 Dear parents/guardian I am writing to ask for permission to observe your child as part of my university course. All information about your child would be kept as confidential. Thank you for your support. I †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. give permission to †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. to observe my child Sign†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Date†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Name of observer: Aamna. (nursery nurse) Name of child: child A Date of observation: 4/01/17 Starting time: 3:30pm Finishing time: 3:40pm No of adults involved: 1 No of children involved: 3 Area of observation: home corner, constructive area, quite area and mathematic area (indoors) Aim: to observe child A while playing Objective: to analyse how child A interacts with others This is a brief snap of child A interacting with adults and other individuals within the setting. Its a Wednesday afternoon just after teatime and child A begins to play with child B who is the same age as child A. Child A starts in the home corner and continues the day playing with other activities. Child A begins to play in the home corner area and pretends to be a policeman and says hands up to himself. Child A appears to be searching for something and pulls out a police uniform jacket and he proceeds to put the jacket on himself inside out, he then looks under the other uniform jackets. I interrupt child A and ask him what he is looking. He does not respond, he finds a briefcase with pretend injections, bandages and a stethoscope. He then takes the policeman jacket and places it back in the correct place. Child A picks the stethoscope and places it around his neck backwards. He looks down at a doctors shirt and grabs the shirt briskly with one hand and quickly clutches it close to his chest. Child A then attempts to put the shirt on, he starts by putting his right arm into the right sleeve and the left arm into the left sleeve. He then pulls it down from the back and closes the buttons starting from the bottom up to the top. Once he has completed closing the buttons he stops and sighs out loud with his hands on his waist. He then sits on the floor with his legs crossed and wiggles his bottom. Child A places the diaphragm on child Bs shoulder, child B then places the diaphragm part on left side of his chest demonstrating, as child B lets go of the stethoscope child A takes it off his chest and tries to put it on himself. Child A attempts then to put it on Child B again the same way child B demonstrated but still puts it the other way round with the diaphragm on child Bs shoulder again. Child A sighs and throws the stethoscope onto the floor with force, after throwing the stethoscope he crosses his arms and frowns at the ground with his eyes towards the floor. From the corner of his eye he slowly looks around, as he slowly looks up again he notices me looking at him. He begins to smile and takes the stethoscope from the floor and apologises to the stethoscope. He now looks up at child B walking towards the constructive area and walks after him. As he walk s towards the constructive area with his hands swinging from left to right and proceeds to sit on his knees and grabs onto a toy car with his left hand and says look I have a blue car, what colour do you have?. Child B responds by saying my car is green, I have this one at home and child A nods his head up and down. Child A suddenly jumps up and runs towards the quite area and begins spinning three times with his hands swinging up and down, he falls onto his knees whilst laughing and says wow Im dizzy.   He jumps right up with his hands in the air and continues spinning round. He catches his breath and places his hands onto his head whilst attempting to sit back on the floor and makes a woo woo sound.   He moves his head round repeatedly but this time in slow motion with his eyes closed. After two full minutes he stands up and   choses another table activity. Now Child A proceeds to the mathematic table which contains unifix cubes. Child A stands still with his right hand on t he side of his head and looks around the table and finds a seat and walks towards it, he pulls the seat and sits then, puts both of his legs under the table he then places both hands at the sides of the chair and tucks himself under the table. He reaches out for the cubes which are placed in the middle of the table. Child C snatches the unifix cubes from child As hands, child A looks directly at child C face and says sharing is caring with his hands on his waist with his left eyebrow raised. Child C gives the cubes back into child As hand Child A then starts to attach each unifix cube together. While picking up the cubes he says the colours of the cubes and the number of how many cubes there are in a low toned voice one is yellow, two is green and three is red, he continues up to ten then looks around to see if anyone is looking at him with his head down and rolls his eyes to the right corner of his eyes. With the unifix cubes he builds a long line and says this is the wall in my ga rden and its big, big, big. As he uses the word big he moves his right hand up on top of his head. After creates a oval shape and claims to say its a hippopotamus by saying Im a hippopotamus and you cant catch me in a deep voice with his hands by his side and rocks on his chair from left to right. Child A separates the cubes one by one and places the cube back into the middle of the table. He stands up and walks behind the chair and tries to tuck it under the table using both of his hands on the sides of the chair and crouches down. He now stands back up and runs towards the writing area and picks a colour pencil and a piece of paper for himself and for child B, then walks back to the mathematics area. As he gives the coloured pencil to child B he says here you go and passes on the pencil to child B. He then starts to draw lines with a red colour pencil onto a piece of paper, he grips the colour pencil by placing the all four fingers and his thumb sticking out towards him with his right hand and says look the cubes are like the cubes I made before to child B with a smile. Child B attempts to hold the coloured pencil, the pencil keeps falling out of his hands and ends up onto the floor. Child A looks at the floor to pick the pencil up for child B and helps child B on how to hold the pencil as he says this is how you hold it in your hand. Child A was included as the socially active child in this scenario of observation. The social, personal and emotional development can be noted through observing the behaviour, responses, and interaction with the other children within this setting. I would describe child A to be going through various stages of developmental experiences, and learning curves.   The theorist Jean Piaget   suggests four types of stages for cognitive development, in my observation it would specifically be looking at the preoperational stage (2-7 years). Within this stage Piaget speaks about the children of this age group that are able to analyse symbolically. In the first area of observation in the home corner, for when child A is experimenting with the police uniforms and the doctors briefcase child A seems to show a general awareness of the nature of a stethoscope and its connection to the doctors shirt which he wore prior to selecting the instrument this would symbolise that he might have a interest to work within healthcare for example. This kind of imaginative play could perhaps influence their occupation as they grow older. In this area Child A faces his first interaction with Child B who in this instance appears to be more advanced, he attempts to correct and teach Child A the correct way of placing the diaphragm through active learning. Jean Piaget   relates cognitive, moral, and emotional development. In his opinion, cognitive and emotional development show parallel,   courses of development, with cognition providing the structure and emotion the energy of development. Just as children go through stages of cognitive developme nt, they likewise display emotional development and understanding new   emotional expressions and experiences which are characteristics of different levels of development. Although my presence might have caused a bias in the childs natural behaviour I was able to see his response to his reaction as he threw the stethoscope aggressively in frustration and when he notices the presence of an adult he quickly says sorry to the stethoscope and smiled. Vygotsky suggested that social interaction within cognitive development would develop while socialising first. This means that most individuals would look to see how parents behaviour are towards things, watching the way they speak and then they would try to imitate them just as child A imitates conversational skills through discussing the toy cars they are playing with and identify the colours of the car. Play and playfulness is categorized into three key areas, imagination and creativity, playful exploration, problem solving and dizzy play. Dizzy play consists of rough play, tumbling humour and language play such as seen with Child A as he spins around saying woo and announcing wow im dizzy   expressing pure joy and a burst of physical energy release. On the mathematics table Child A is confronted by Child C, in this scenario Child C expresses a negative action by snatching from Child A in an aggressive manner. Child C handles this situation in a very emotionally respectful manner, he quotes sharing is caring which immediately diffuses a potential clash and encourages Child C to return the cubes. This was one of the most interesting parts of child to child interaction within this observation, as this showed an advanced development of empathy within Child A which usually begins to develop as toddlers where the concept of i and me begins. Child A shows the understanding of not only his own but the emotional needs of those around him Theorist such as Glassman, (2000) develops ideas for behaviourism and demonstrates ways of observing to   understand development. He also mentions a focus on learning. He suggests that learning means changes in behaviour which indicates experiences and interactions in an environment. This explains and demonstrates child A focusing on learning when Child B shows him how to use the stethoscope, which allows him to learn how to use it. As child A changes his choice of profession from being a policeman to a doctor, his behaviour also changes. The reason for the change was that he wasnt able to find the hat but found the briefcase without struggling. This is a result of child A experiencing and interacting within the environment. In this observation I mainly focused on what child A was able to do rather than what he couldnt do. Vygotsky includes in his theory about emphasis childrens capability and the partnership between the child and adult as the same between me and child A. Within this observation child A has demonstrated many skills as he becomes active to the use of his body movement whilst playing, he interacts with the environmental materials and people around him. Child A communicates as he shares his thoughts and information through playing with child B and other practitioners. He communicated verbally with some simple sentences. He shows excitement and having fun while playing with the different areas. Child A absorbed himself, concentrated and thought about what activities he involved himself with. Interacting was the main skill developed by child A as he formed this action a couple times during the observation. My observation was thorough and well, and through watching small emotional signs and reactions to different scenarios I was able to understand through a more practical approach about the emotional development of a child at play he interacts with children of different stages of development themselves. Reference list: Fromberg, D.P. (1990). Play issues in early childhood education. In Seedfeldt, C. (Ed.), Continuing issues in early childhood education, (pp. 223-243). Columbus, OH: Merrill. Frost, J.L. (1992). Play and playscapes. Albany, NY: Delmar. G Department for Education, 2012. Statutory Framework for the Early Years Foundation Stage. (EYFS). London: Early Education Palaiologou, I. (2012) Child observation. 2nd ed. London: Sage Publications Ltd.

Research methodology, different types of philosophical

Research methodology, different types of philosophical Fischer (2004) states that research methodology is the study which raises all types of philosophical questions for the researchers to know and check the availability of their knowledge. Saunders et al. (2007) states that, the research design will be the general plan of how to answer the research questions and it should contain: Clear objectives derived from the research questions It should specify sources from which data is collected Consider the constraints that the researcher will have access to data, location time and money Discussing ethical issues Cooper and Schindler (2008) mentions that the research task is a sequential process involving clearly defined steps. They also state that despite the variation in steps involved, the idea of sequence is useful in developing a research and maintaining an order as the research progresses. According to Teresa and William (1997), research methodology provides a systematic, planned approach to a research project and ensures that all aspects of the project are consistent with one another. The method that has been used for this research is based on the research process onion as described by Saunders et al. (2007). The research goes through different layers of the research onion. The various layers are philosophies, approaches, strategies, choices, time horizons and techniques and procedures. This chapter is divided into three sections. The first section deals with the research methods that have been used for this dissertation. The second part deals with data collection methods. The last section deals with population and sampling. Research Onion- Adapted from Saunders et al. (2007) Research philosophy: Saunders et al. (2007) mentions that research philosophy depends on the way you think about the development of knowledge. It is the first layer in the research onion proposed by them. According to them, there are three approaches to research philosophy. They are epistemology, ontology and axiology. Epistemology constitutes with the acceptable knowledge in the field of study; ontology is concerned with nature of reality where as axiology studies about the researchers value in all stage of research process. They argue that the choice of philosophy depends on the research question posed and the researcher feels that the approach that has to be used is Epistemology. Jancowickz (2000) mentioned epistemology as personal theory of knowing and what researcher feels as knowledge, what he counts as evidence and proof and what he does not. Saunders et al. (2007) mentioned that there are three epistemological positions namely, positivism, interpretivism, and realism. Positivism: Saunders et al. (2007) mentions that if research philosophy reflects the principles of positivism, then we will probably adopt the philosophical stance of a natural scientist. According to Bryman Bell (2007) positivism is an epistemological position that advocates the application of methods of natural sciences to study of social reality and beyond. Reilly (2006) defined positivism as a belief that only true knowledge is scientific in character, describing interrelationships between real and observable phenomena. Interpretivism: This is a philosophy where researcher be critical of positivism and argue that rich insights, into complex world are lost if such complexity is reduced entirely to a series of law like generations. It also emphasises on the difference between conducting a research among people rather than tangible objects. Realism: This is a philosophical approach which is based on that a reality exists that is independent of human thoughts and beliefs. It holds many thoughts from positivism and it scientifically questions what is regarded as acceptable knowledge. In realism, the approach assumes a scientific approach to the development of data and underpins the collection of data and understanding of those data. (Saunders et al., 2007, p105). There are two types of realism namely critical realism and direct realism. Direct realism is what the researcher experience through his senses represents the world accurately. In critical realism, what the researcher experiences are sensations and images of the things in the real world, but not the real thing. Research philosophy for this research: Saunders et al. (2007) argues that usually a combination of positivism and interpretivism are generally used in the management of business research. However, the research philosophy varies according to research question. This research focuses on impact of sales promotions on impulse purchases. Various authors have discussed the phenomenon that happens and the researcher is trying to explore the consumer behaviour on impulse purchase. The philosophy that is used in this research is realism. For this the researcher uses acceptable knowledge in the field of impulse purchase and consumer behaviour to understand the impact of sales promotion on impulse purchase and consumer loyalty. The researcher collects and analyses data using acceptable knowledge for the purpose of answering the research question, so the research is more inclined towards realism. Research Approach: Saunders et al. (2007) states that all research work involves theories and suggests the clarity of researchers theory at the beginning of the research could inform the research the approach taken in designing the research. They, suggest two types of research approach of reasoning. They are Inductive approach and Deductive approach. Inductive Approach: In inductive approach, the researcher would collect the data and develop and theory with the result of data analysis. According to Saunders et al. (2007), the following are the features of inductive approach. Gaining an understanding of meanings human attach to events A close understanding of research context A collection of qualitative data A more flexible structure to permit changes of research emphasis as research progresses A realisation that the researcher is part of the research process Less concern with need to generalise Deductive approach: Deductive approach method is the way of testing a theory. The researcher will develop a theory and suitable hypothesis. The research strategy is the developed to test the hypothesis that is developed. Roboson (2002) suggests a five-stage model through which the deductive stage will progress: Deduct a hypothesis from the theory Express the hypothesis in operational terms Test the hypothesis Examine outcome of the inquiry Modify theory in light of results Research Approach for this research: The researcher has chosen the deductive approach over the inductive approach for this research. In deductive approach for this research, an initial stage presents a general hypothesis. This initial stage contains secondary data mentioned by various authors. This hypothesis is then tested using the data collection methods to answer the objectives. Research Strategy: According to Saunders et al. (2007), seven different strategies can be used for a research. They are: Experiment Survey Case study Action research Grounded theory Ethnography Archival research The strategy that has to be used can be chosen depending on research questions and objectives, research time and other resources that are available. (Saunders et al., 2007) The most feasible solution for this dissertation is the survey method. The survey method is associated with deductive approach. It allows the collection of a large amount of data from sizeable population in highly economical way. Utilising the questionnaire, data can be standardised allowing easy compilation. It is also a cheap option for the researcher. The survey strategy also allows collecting quantitative data, which can be analysed using descriptive tactics. The survey strategy utilises the designing and piloting of data collection method to ensure a good response rate. In the case of this dissertation, the researcher plans to distribute questionnaire among the customers and thus do the survey for this dissertation. This will be handed out by the researcher himself which adds to the cheapness of the survey. The researcher is also planning to do two mini focus group interviews among the customers. Looking at all these options, the researcher feels that conducting a survey will be the best way to collect data for this research. Research choice: According to Saunders et al. (2007), the two main methods of data collection are quantitative data collection and qualitative data collection. Qualitative data that is used in research would be usually a non-numerical data. It has open-ended information. Example: Pictures or video clips. Quantitative data that is used in data would be numerical data consisting of graphs or statistics. It includes close-ended information such as attitude, behaviour of performance instruments. (John and Vicki, 2007). Saunders et al. (2007, p 146) Saunders et al. (2007) mentions that the researcher can use used both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. This is known as mixed method of data collection. Both these could be done at the same time or one after the other, but the methods cannot be combined. John and Vicki (2007) argue that the weakness of both quantitative and qualitative methods can be overcome by using both the methods. If we use mixed methods, different methods like interview and questionnaire can be used for the study. They also state that mixed method research provides more comprehensive evidence for studying a research question than using just one method of data analysis. This was also mentioned as the most practical method since the researcher is free to use all the methods to address the problem. In the context of this research, the researcher used a combination of both quantitative and qualitative data techniques to find the data. The quantitative data is analysed with the help of questionnaires and the qualitative data is analysed with the help of interviews. The attitudes and impulse buying behaviour and perception of customers can be studied using the questionnaire surveys. For the qualitative data analysis, two mini focus groups consisting of three members each will be conducted by the researcher. The researcher will use the respondents observation and researchers observation to conclude his findings. In short, the researcher uses mixed method of data analysis to generalise the findings. Time Horizon: According to Saunders et al. (2007), time horizons are needed for the research design independent of the research methodology used. There are two types of time horizons namely Longitudinal and Cross-sectional. Longitudinal studies are repeated over an extended period. Cross sectional studies are limited to a specific time frame. This research is also limited to a specific time frame and hence the cross sectional time horizon is used. Data Collection Methods: There are two types of data involved with this research. The first one is primary data and the second type is secondary data. The secondary data contains the literature review, which is the view by various authors about the topic. The primary data which is collected to prove the hypothesis presented which is collected using secondary data. According to Saunders et al. (2007), the secondary data may not match the needs of new research; aggregations and definitions may also be unsuitable, there for to resolve this primary data has been employed to answer the nature of the problem and test the hypothesis. In other words, the secondary data is the data that is collected for some other purpose while the primary data is collected specifically for this research. Secondary data: According to Saunders et al. (2007), the secondary data consists of both quantitative and qualitative data. It contains both raw data and published data. Bryman and Bell (2007) stated that it could provide an answer to the research question. They also mentioned about the benefits of collecting secondary data. It helps us structuring ideas, developing new concepts, widen new directions to data, sketch population and organise appropriate approach to the research. Saunders et al. (2007) also mentions that the secondary data should be viewed with the same caution that we view the primary data. The researcher needs to make sure that it will be able to answer the research question and meet his objectives. For this research, the researcher gathered the secondary data from journal articles and textbooks. The journals were electronically collected from the Emerald Insight (http://www. emeraldnisight.com) and Business source complete. The researcher also referred many books and magazines. Books provided the foundation for the topic and for the research methods. The journals helped to get an insight from various authors that discussed about this topic. Magazines helped to find the current situations related to the topic. Primary data: Primary data is collected for the completion of this research. It is the data collected from the survey and we do not have any previous results for this data. There are two categories of data collection available. One of them is quantitative data collection and the second is the qualitative data collection. Qualitative data: The data that is non-numerical and that cannot be quantified is known as qualitative data. Saunders et al. (2007) mentions that the use of interviews can help the researcher to gather valid and reliable data that are relevant to his/her research. There interviews are mainly categorised into two namely standardised and Non-standardised interviews. Standardised interviews will have interview-administered questions where as the other one does not have that. Under non-standardised interviews, there are two categories. They are one-to-one and one-to-many. The one-to-one is further categorised into face-to-face, telephone and internet/intranet based interviews. The one-to-many interviews are of two kinds; group interviews and internet/intranet based group interviews. This kind of group interviews come under a category called focus group interviews. (Saunders et al. (2007) p 313) This research will be using the aid of focus group interviews. The focus group method is a form of group interview in which there are several participants, there is an emphasis on questioning on a tightly defined topic and the accent is upon interaction within the group and the joint construction of meaning. (Bryman and Bell, 2007) The main characteristic of this interview is, it involves more than one interviewee and typically contains four to twelve members. According to Cooper and Schindler (2001), the two advantages of using focus group interview are to get a depth understanding and it is a chance to observe reactions to the research question in an open-ended group setting. For this research, the researcher conducts two mini focus group interviews. These interviews are used to increase the credibly of the research and to form a background for the questionnaire design. The critical analysis of the focus group interviews helped the researcher to critically analyse the sales promotion and its impact on impulse purchasing behaviour of the participants. The researcher was able to find two groups of respondents who were willing to give the focus group interview. These groups contained both male and female participants, with the age group between 15 and 30. The interviewees were asked questions about the sales promotional activities in the store. They were also asked about the factors that affect them to buy things impulsively and if price promotions affect the impulse purchase. The mini focus interviews helped the researcher in questionnaire design by exploring the responses of sample population to analytically test the hypothesis using quantitative data. The response from the interviewees pulled out the conclusions that sales promotions play an important role in impulse buying behaviour of consumers. Quantitative data: The quantitative data is analysed using survey method. For this research, the researcher uses, questionnaire for the survey method. Saunders et al. (2007) mentions that a questionnaire includes all techniques of data collection in which each person is asked to respond to the same set of questions in a predetermined order. They also mention that it is one of the most widely used data collection within the survey strategy. The questionnaires are used in the research as it permits prompt and honest responses from a respondent than interviews. This sort of response is required for extracting information such as personal information. The biasness that is likely to occur by the difference in phrasing questions to different respondents is also eliminated by using questionnaire. The convenience, availability of resources in terms of time and cost and ease of automating data entry makes questionnaire the best choice for quantitative data analysis. According to Saunders et al. (2007), various factors affect choosing the questionnaire for a research. They are The characteristics of the respondents to whom the researcher wish to collect the information. Importance of reaching a particular person as respondent Size of the sample required by the researcher for the analysis Importance of the responders answers not being contaminated or distorted The type of question that the researcher needs to collect the data The number of questions that the researcher needs to ask to collect the data There are two types of questionnaires namely self-administered questionnaire and interview administered questionnaire. Self-administered questionnaire is used in this research because of its advantage that it can be completed without the presence of the researcher. This is supported by Brace (2004) that the absence of the researcher makes the respondent to be honest and the respondent gets enough time to answer the questions. One important thing that needs to be noted is the language used in the questionnaire. A simple language is usually preferred than using technical jargons. Bruce (2004) mentions that double barrelled questions and jargon must be avoided in order to reduce confusion among both parties Bryman and Bell (2007) mentions that piloting a questionnaire should be an integral part of the process. Piloting is the process by which the questionnaire is revised and tested until the researcher and clients are happy. It helps the researcher to improve the quality of questionnaire and its efficiency in assembling data. A pilot test was conducted among five MBA International students to validate the questionnaire. Based on their feedback, necessary amendments were made to the questions. Table 2: Questionnaire description: Sl. no Characteristics Questions 1 Collects the demographic information from respondents Q1,Q2,Q3 2 Identifies the shopping details like frequency and average spending Q4, Q5 3. Identifies the sales promotional activities in the store Q6,Q7, 4 Identifies consumers impulse buying behaviour and factors Q9,Q10,11 5. Identifies if price promotion affects impulse purchase Q12,Q13,Q14,Q15 The researcher distributed the questionnaires in Tesco retail store, Parnell Street, Dublin-Ireland. The researcher ensured that the consumers got enough time to complete the questionnaire. This researcher did not give any hints to answer the questions and this helped the respondent to honestly answer the questions. The researcher used an online tool called Surveymonkey for the data analysis (www.surveymonkey.com). The response and the scales used are mentioned in the data analysis chapter Population and Sampling: According to Cooper and Schindler (2008), a population is the total collection of elements about which we wish to make some inferences. They also mentioned that to draw the conclusion about the entire population, some of the elements of the population are to be selected and this process is called sampling. Saunders et al. (2007) mentions sampling technique provides a range of methods that enable to reduce the amount of data that is needed for consideration. They further mention that this is an alternative to the census method. They provide alternative when; It would be impractical for the researcher to survey the entire population The budget constraints prevent researcher from surveying the entire population The time constraints prevents the researcher from surveying the entire population Results are needed quickly Mayolor and Blackmon (2005), mentions that sampling frame facilitates, conclusion making about the social units that have been selecting units that are representative of the population. Saunders et al. (2007) classifies the sampling techniques into probability sampling Non-probability sampling. In probability sampling, the probability of each case being selected from the population is the same for all cases, where as in non-probability sampling, the probability of case being selected is being unknown. Cooper and Schindler (2008), argues that, if the non-probability sampling is feasible, if the total population for the study is unknown. In this case, the population are the customers of Tesco, Parnell Street, Dublin. Non-probability sampling is further divided into five types: Quota Sampling Purposive sampling Snowball sampling Self selection sampling Convenience sampling This research focuses on impact of sales promotion on impulse purchase and consumer loyalty. In this research, the quota sampling is found to be more appropriate for the sampling. Saunders et al., (2007) confirms that with the help of quota sampling, population could be divided into specific groups. This helps in calculating a quota for each group based on appropriate and obtainable data. According to Barnett (1991), cited by Saunders et al. (2007), quota sampling is entirely non-random and is normally used for interview surveys. It is based on the premise that the sample will represent the population, as the variability in the sample for various quota variables is the same as that of the population. For this research, the population is categorises into specific groups. Appropriate estimate from each group is prepared to distinguish the quota based on reliable data. Each interviewer will be analysed and the data will be collected from each quota. The data that is collected are then united to obtain a full sample. The researcher selected the quotas according to the age group and gender. The customers were selected by the respondent randomly first. The researcher then checked the respondents criteria of the age group and selected the people he wanted. Sampling Frame: The frame elements in the population are called the sampling frame. Saunders et al. (2007) states that the larger the samples size, the lower the likely error in generalising to the population. Hence, suitable sample should be governed by: The confidence required in the data Margin of error that can be tolerated Types of analysis that needs to be undertaken Size of the total population The sampling frame in this research includes the customers in the grocery section in Tesco, Parnell Street. The sampling size, frame and population are defined as follows: Sampling Size: 100 Elements: Customers of Tesco, Parnell Street Units: Grocery section in Tesco Parnell Street Extents: Dublin, Ireland Sampling Technique: Non-probability sampling (quota sampling) Sampling Error: 5% Time: May 2010-Aug-2010 The quotas and total sample size are given below:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   AGE GROUP   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   MALE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   FEMALE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   15-30   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   25   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   25   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   31-50   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   15   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   15   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   51 and above   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   10   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   10   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   TOTAL POPULATION = 100 Time constraint was the main reason for the researcher to select a small population. The researcher ensured that the researcher were ensured ample time to complete the questionnaire. The researcher made sure that the questionnaire had a simple design with no technical jargons used which would have confused people otherwise. The researcher plans to distribute the questions to 100 people and expects a sampling error of 5%. Since it is a self-administered questionnaire, the researcher expects good response from the respondents.

Prejudice in Not Without Laughter by Langston Hughes Essay -- skin colo

Prejudice is a cancer that spreads hate among its perpetrators and victims alike. In 1930 Langston Hughes penned the novel, Not Without Laughter. This powerful story, written from the perspective of an African-American boy named James â€Å"Sandy† Rodgers, begins in the early 1900’s in the small town of Stanton, Kansas. Through the eyes of young Sandy, we see the devastating impact of racism on his family and those they are close to. We also see how the generations of abuse by whites caused a divide within the black community. Among, and even within, black families there were several social classes that seemed to hinge on seeking equality through gaining the approval of whites. The class someone belonged to was determined by the color of their skin, the type of church one attended, their level of education, and where an individual was able to find work. From an early age it was clear to Sandy that, the lighter a person’s skin was, the higher their social status. As the only young child in his household, he was exposed to many conversations among the adults around him that revolved around race. A primary example of this was one of the conversations between his grandmother, Aunt Hager, and her friend, Sister Whiteside. Sandy and the two elder women sat at the kitchen table together to share a meal while the two women chatted. Sandy sat quietly and absorbed their talk of everything from assuming the white ancestry of a lighter-skinned child they knew, to the difficulty of keeping â€Å"colored chillens in school† (13-15). Sandy not only learned through the conversations of the adults around him the importance of skin color, he witnessed a number of events that cemented the notion. Sandy’s somewhat wild Aunt, Har... ... porters and washwomen†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (188). Throughout Hughes’ Not Without Laughter, we see the long-term effect of generations of prejudice and abuse against blacks. Over time, this prejudice manifested itself through the development of several social classes within the black community. Hughes’, through the eyes of young Sandy, shows us how the color of one’s skin, the church they attend, the level of education an individual attained, and the type of employment someone could find impacted their standing within the community and dictated the social class they belonged to. Tragically, decades of slavery and abuse resulted in a class system within the black community that was not built around seeking happiness or fulfillment but, equality through gaining the approval of whites. Works Cited Hughes, L. (1930). Not Without Laughter. New York, NY, USA: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.